Israel has suffered from a chronic water shortage for years. In recent years, however, the situation has developed into a severe crisis. The agricultural sector has been heavily challenged, but in spite of the obvious climatic constraints and overall shortage of water, both agriculture and aquaculture are highly developed in Israel.
A variety of methods are practiced to maximize water use and enable the production of fresh fish. First and foremost have been reservoirs to store rainwater during the wet season. Many of these are also used for fish culture in integrated farming systems. With support from the Ministry of Agriculture, fish farmers have invested around 100 million new shekels (U.S. $28 million) during the last three decades in developing this unique dual-purpose reservoir culture system and associated technology.
The authors recently evaluated the economic feasibility of tilapia growout at high stocking density in irrigation reservoirs. The main question was whether the increase in fish yield resulted in higher profits. The data analyzed were collected from representative fish farms as well as economic reports.
Water Reservoirs
Traditionally, tilapia have been raised in ponds with differing structures, bottom types and depths. The main difference between an earthen pond and a reservoir is the depth of the water. Typical reservoirs in Israel, which have areas between 5 and 20 ha, range between 4 and 15 m in depth. Originally, irrigation reservoirs were
built to collect rain and flood waters in winter and brackish spring water for use in irrigating crops in summer. In order to catch larger amounts of rainwater during winter, the reservoirs were deepened.
The farmers of communal settlements decided to use the irrigation reservoirs for fish culture, in addition to their original purpose. In a few years, it became evident that rearing fish in such reservoirs was profitable, although professional and technological know-how was still lacking.
The introduction of tilapia to irrigation reservoirs improved the efficiency of water usage and reduced the cost of water needed for tilapia culture in conventional earthen ponds. However, the main problem was harvesting the fish, since the engineers who planned the reservoir construction did not take such activity into consideration.
Dramatic technological development has occurred since then, and many new dual-use reservoirs were constructed and equipped with a range of solutions for effi- cient harvesting. This has, in turn, changed the emphasis such that in the newly constructed reservoirs, tilapia cul- ture became the primary activity and crop irrigation a by-product.
Integrated reservoirs reduce the cost of water for fish farming, as some of the costs are recorded as irrigation expenses. These reservoirs are usually deeper than 5 m to allow irrigation during the summer and ensure there is sufficient water until the end of the tilapia production season in the autumn. Heavy investments are necessary to install the equipment required for tila- pia production and harvest in reservoirs.
Tilapia Production
Due to the large volumes of the reser- voirs, the fish output is much higher than for earthen ponds, reaching 10,000-20,000 kg/ha yearly. This quantity of fish is too large to be harvested from the pond pits at the end of the season. As a result, fish farmers usually harvest fish that have reached market size during the season to reduce the biomass. The reservoirs are equipped with harvesting equipment, such as lifting nets attached to motorized booms that are lifted with the catch.
The fish gather in a sleeve, which can be detached and dragged to the reservoir bank, where they are sorted and handled. Some reservoirs have concrete harvest pits at the ends of the outlet pipes by the drainage canals. The pits have strainers for separating the fish from the water, as well as life-support systems to ensure the wel- fare of the fish.
Technology Improvements
The desire of fish farmers to recoup their investments in building reservoirs within five to seven years has led them to develop technologies that enable greater production per unit area. While in con- ventional earthen ponds, yields consist of 0.5-0.7 fish/L water, those achieved in reservoirs can approach threefold higher at 1-2 fish/L water. Various technical and biological factors contributed to this dra- matic rise in yield.
High-Density Study
The authors recently evaluated the economic feasibility of tilapia growout at high stocking density in irrigation reser- voirs. The main question was whether the increase in fish yield resulted in higher profits. The data analyzed were collected from representative fish farms as well as economic reports.
Current typical reservoirs yield about 1 mt/ha (1 kg/m3) annually, while inten- sively managed reservoirs can yield higher volumes of fish. On average, fish weights at harvest are above 500 g under typical management and 400 g in the intensive reservoirs. Size distributions and incomes are presented in Figure 1. Farmers receive average market prices of U.S. $3.19/kg for large tilapia over 500 g in weight, $2.50/kg for 400- to 500-g fish and $2.22/kg for 300- to 400-g tilapia.
With increasing stocking density, farmers increase the number of paddle- wheels for aeration by 25 to 35%, which results in higher energy costs. Variations among farms in production expenses for fingerlings, feed, energy and fixed costs not related to stocking density are due to differences in tilapia size at stocking, mor- talities during growout, culture periods and management.
Results
Table 1 shows the results obtained in five fish farms practicing intensive culture compared to the average values for conventional culture of tilapia. The table presents average income and expenses for finger- lings, feed, energy and fixed costs – all calculated per 1 kg tilapia produced.
The bottom line was that the profits gained from tilapia production were higher in the traditional system than in the intensive culture management. Most farms lost money producing tilapia at higher production levels. Apparently, the other fish produced in the reservoirs (15% of the total yield) enabled them to not lose money altogether.
Perspectives
The Israeli aquaculture industry has developed a unique technology for grow- ing out fish in water reservoirs that attracts people from all over the world. What impresses most visitors is the high yield produced per unit area, a common mea- sure for annual returns on reservoir invest- ment. However, profitability was never evaluated based on the size distribution of the harvested fish, since tilapia have a size-dependent market price.
The conclusion from the authors’study was that maximizing yield did not guaran- tee profitability. On the contrary, lower total yields consisting of larger tilapia under traditional management resulted in higher returns per kilogram of fish.
Thus, increasing tilapia yields in reser- voirs above current levels by increasing stocking density would not be profitable at current price levels. Production gains should be achieved by increasing culture area and other inputs, including water, labor, energy, fingerlings and administration.